Given you have access to the stuff to make fireworks, do you also have access to C4 by chance? Get a big thick metal tube and use a SMALL amount of C4 to throw the mortar into the air. C4 is fun, so if you have access to it, it's a good excuse to use it. I don't know if it's actually going to work for what you want to do. Remember, SMALL amount. You're not trying to blow up a building, you just want to send a couple pounds into the air without destroying said object. In fact you'd probably need some kind of sacrificial spacer.
I've always thought of how fun it would be to play with explosives but not exactly something just anyone has access to. There's the obvious safety aspect as well, stand far back, make sure it's in an open field etc...