Here's an update. Any more thoughts are appreciated.
The speakers are brand new and in fact advertised as "shielded for use near video monitors." I previously had moved them away from the monitor and there was no change.
I bought a new video card, an ATI 9600xt, and installed it, booted up, and I had the same problem described in my initial post - shadowy, circular lines on the monitor.
That made me rule out the video card as the cause of the problem.
In order to isolate the problem, I completely unhooked the speakers and moved them to the other side of the room. Hmm, the lines grew a bit thinner. Maybe the problem is with the monitor, after all.
Just to make sure, I hooked the monitor back up to the laptop -- the lines were gone. I had my brother look at it to make sure I wasn't imagining things. Sure enough, even with the speakers on the other side of the room, you can see the lines when the monitor is hooked up to the desktop computer with the new video card but you can't see the lines when it's hooked up to the laptop (monitor isn't being moved).
So, the options seem to be:
1. video card - doesn't seem to be the problem since there's no change between the old and new video card;
2. monitor - possibly, especially since there was a change after moving the speakers, but how can the monitor be the problem if it works fine when hooked up to the laptop?;
3. motherboard? - if it's not the video card or the monitor, what else could it be other than the motherboard? It's an Epox nforce2 motherboard about 1.5 years old. What could be wrong with the motherboard that would result in this problem?
4. something else? If so, what?
Any ideas? Thanks in advance.